Which statement describes a matrix structure in terms of reporting lines?

• A. Teams are organized into permanent cross-functional teams with no dual reporting
• B. There is only one manager per employee
• C. Each staff member has two managers - one functional and one project manager
• D. The organisation uses a strict hierarchy with no project focus

Answer: (C)

Dual reporting lines define a matrix structure: employees answer to both a functional manager and a project manager. This setup blends technical specialization with project-focused leadership, so people can be reassigned to different projects while still staying within their expert discipline. The functional manager protects and develops the technical skills, while the project manager drives project goals and deadlines, creating flexibility to use resources where they’re most needed. The other descriptions describe different ways of organizing work: teams with no dual authority rely on a single line of command, a single manager per employee fits a traditional hierarchy, and a strict hierarchy with no project focus lacks the cross-functional, project-driven element that characterizes a matrix. In a matrix, clear governance helps manage possible conflicts between functional and project priorities.